With growing interest in using cognitive radio (CR) technology in wireless communication systems for vehicles, it is\nenvisioned that future vehicles will be CR-enabled. This paper discusses CR technologies for vehicular networks aimed\nat improving vehicular communication efficiency. CR for vehicular networks has the potential of becoming a killer CR\napplication in the future due to a huge consumer market for vehicular communications. This paper surveys novel\napproaches and discusses research challenges related to the use of cognitive radio technology in vehicular ad hoc\nnetworks. We review how CR technologies such as dynamic spectrum access, adaptive software-defined radios, and\ncooperative communications will enhance vehicular communications and, hence, present the potential of\ntransforming vehicle communication in terms of efficiency and safety. Our work is different from existing works in that\nwe provide recent advances and open research directions on applying cognitive radio in vehicular ad hoc networks\n(CR-VANETs) focusing on architecture, machine learning, cooperation, reprogrammability, and spectrummanagement\nas well as QoE optimization for infotainment applications. A taxonomy of recent advances in cognitive radio for\nvehicular networks is also provided. In addition, several challenges and requirements have been identified. The\nresearch on applying CR in vehicular networks is still in its early stage, and there are not many experimental platforms\ndue to their complex setup and requirements. Some related testbeds and research projects are provided at the end.
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